Chapter Objectives 35

1. List the characteristics of an angiosperm
2. Explain the difference between monocots and dicots
3. Describe the importance of root systems and shoot systems to plants and explain how they work together
4. Explain how taproot systems and fibrous root systems differ
5. Explain the differences between stolons and rhizomes
6. Describe how plant cells grow
7. Distinguish between parenchyma and collenchyma cells with regards to structure and function
8. Describe the differences in structure and function of the 2 types of sclerenchyma cells
9. Explain the importance of tracheids and vessel elements to plants
10. Distinguish between water-conducting cells and sieve-tube members with regards to structure and function
11. Explain the differences between simple tissues and complex tissues
12. Explain the importance of a cuticle on the aerial parts of a plant and its absence on roots
13. Describe the function of the dermal tissue system, vascular tissue systems, and ground tissue systems
14. Distinguish among annual, biannual, and perennial plants
15. Explain the importance of the endodermis to a plant
16. Describe the importance of an apical meristem to the primary growth of shoots
17. Distinguish between the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots
18. Distinguish between the arrangement of vascular tissues in roots and shoots
19. Describe how wood forms due to secondary growth of stems
20. Using a diagram, describe the basic structure of root, stem, and leaf

Chapter Objectives 36

1. List 3 levels in which transport in plants occurs and describe the role of aquaporins
2. Trace the path of water and minerals from outside the root to the shoot system
3. Provide experimental evidence that links plant cellular respiration to mineral accumulation
4. Explain how a proton pump may affect mineral transport in plants
5. Describe the symplast and apoplast routes for the transit of water and minerals across the root cortex from the epidermis to the stele
6. Explain the function of the Casparian strip
7. Explain how solutes are transferred between the symplast and the apoplast
8. Define water potential
9. Explain how solute concentration and pressure affects water potential
10. Predict the direction of net water movement based upon differences in water potential between a plant cell and a hypoosmotic environment, a hyperosmotic environment, and an isotonic environment
11. Explain how root pressure is created by some plants and how it causes guttation
12. According to the transpiration~cohesion~adhesion theory, describe how xylem sap can be pulled upward in xylem vessels
13. Explain why a water potential gradient is required for the passive flow of water through a plant from soil
14. Compare the transpiration~to~photosynthesis ration between C 3 and C 4 plants
15. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of transpiration
16. Explain how guard cells control the stomata aperture and how this, in turn, can affect photosynthetic rate and transpiration
17. Explain how K + fluxes across the guard cell membrane affects guard cell function
18. List 3 cues that contribute to stomata opening at dawn
19. Describe environmental stresses that can cause stomata to close during the daytime
20. Explain how xerophytes can be adapted to arid climates
21. Explain how crassulacean acid metabolism allows CAM plants to reduce the transpiration rate
22. Describe source~to~sink transport in phloem and explain what determines the direction of pholem sap flow
23. Compare; the process of phloem loading between plants such as corn and squash
24. Give 1 explanation for how a proton pump can allow for selective accumulation of sucrose in the symplast
25. Explain what causes phloem sap to flow from source to sink and describe how a scientist can study pressure-flow in phloem

Chapter Objectives 37

1. Describe the chemical composition of plants including
1. percent of wet weight as water
2. percent of dry weight as organic substances
3. percent of dry weight as inorganic minerals
2. Explain how hydroponic culture is used to determine which minerals are essential nutrients
3. Distinguish between macronutrient and micronutrient
4. Recall the 9 macronutrients required by plants and describe their importance in normal plant structure and metabolism
5. List 7 micronutrients required by plants and explain why plants need only minute quantities of these elements
6. Explain how a nutrient's role and mobility determine the symptoms of a mineral deficiency
7. Explain how soil is formed
8. Explain what determines the texture of topsoil and list the type of soil particles fro coarsest to smallest
9. Describe the composition of loams and explain why they are the most fertile soils
10. Explain how humus contributes to the texture and composition of soil
11. Explain why plants cannot extract all of the water in soil
12. Define cation exchange, explain why it is necessary for plant nutrition, and describe how plants can stimulate the process
13. Explain why soil management is necessary in agricultural systems but not in natural ecosystems such as forests and grasslands
14. List the 3 mineral elements that are most commonly deficient in farm soils
15. Describe the environmental consequence of overusing commercial fertilizers
16. Explain how soil pH determines the effectiveness of fertilizers and a plant's ability to absorb specific mineral nutrients
17. Describe problems resulting from farm irrigation in arid regions and list several current approaches to solving these problems
18. Describe precautions that can reduce wing and water erosion
19. Define nitrogen fixation and write the overall equation representing the conversion of gaseous nitrogen to ammonia
20. Distinguish between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria
21. Recall the forms of nitrogen than plants can absorb and describe how they are used by plants
22. Beginning with free-living rhizobial bacteria, describe the development of a root nodule
23. Explain why the symbiosis between a legume and its nitrogen-fixing bacteria is considered to be mutualisitic
24. Recall 2 functions of leghemoglobin and explain why its synthesis is evidence for coevolution
25. Describe the basis for crop rotation
26. Describe agricultural research methods used to improve the quality and quantity of proteins in plant crops
27. Discuss the relationships between root nodule formation and mycorrhizae development
28. Describe modifications for nutrition that have evolved among plants including parasitic plants, carnivorous plants, and mycorrhizae

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