Chapter Objectives Chapter 9

1. Diagram energy flow through the biosphere
2. Describe the overall summary equation for cellular respiration
3. Distinguish between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
4. Explain how exergonic oxidation of glucose is coupled to endergonic synthesis of ATP
5. Define oxidation and reduction
6. Explain how redox reactions are involved in energy exchanges
7. Define coenzyme and list those involved in respiration
8. Describe the structure of coenzymes and explain how they function in redox reactions
9. Describe the role of ATP in coupled reactions
10. Explain why ATP is required for the preparatory steps of glycolysis
11. Describe how the carbon skeleton of glucose changes as it proceeds through glycolysis
12. Identify where in glycolysis the sugar association, substrate-level phosphorylation, and reduction of coenzymes occur
13. Write a summary equation for glycolysis and describe where it occurs in the cell
14. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what molecules are produced , and how pyruvate links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle
15. Explain at what point during cellular respiration complete oxidation of glucose occurs
16. Explain how the exergonic "slide" of electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis
17. Describe the process of chemiosmosis
18. Explain how membrane structure is related to membrane function in chemiosmosis
19. Describe the fate of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen
20. Explain why fermentation is necessary
21. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
22. Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be oxidized to make ATP
23. Describe evidence that the first prokaryotes produced ATP by glycolysis
24. Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell and what role the allosteric enzyme, phosphofructokinase, plays in this process
25. Describe the ways in which ATP can be used to perform cell work.
26. Explain the difference between oxidation and reduction reactions. Be sure to mention the changes in energy that accompany these reactions.
27. Illustrate the reaction performed by dehydrogenase enzymes.
28. What is the role played by NAD+ in cellular respiration?
29. Where do glycolytic reactions occur?
30. Name the starting molecule and end product of glycolysis.
31. What molecule supplies activation energy for glycolysis? Why is glucose activated?
32. What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis?
33. At what product is glycolysis finished?
34. What is meant by substrate level phosphorylation? Give an example.
35. What must be done to pyruvate before the Krebs cycle? For what reasons is this done?
36. Basically, what is happening to the molecules in the Krebs cycle?
37. What are the final products and the waste product?
38. What is the basic purpose of the Krebs cycle?
39. Is the phosphorylation reaction in the Krebs cycle substrate level or oxidative?
40. How is FADH2 similar to the NADH produced during glycolysis?
41. How is the structure of the mitochondrion suited to its function?
42. As electrons are passed along the ETC they lose energy. Where does this energy go?
43. Where is the electron transport chain gear located?
44. Explain chemiosmosis and the proton-motive force.
45. How many ATP does one completely oxidized glucose molecule produce in a typical eukaryotic cell?
46. What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration? What is formed?
47. Describe the control of cellular respiration and state why that control is beneficial.
48. What is the difference between anaerobic respiration and fermentation?
49. What is lactic acid fermentation? alcoholic fermentation? Why are these pathways necessary?
50. Under what conditions can lactate accumulate in vertebrate muscle cells?

Chapter Objectives Chapter 10

1. Distinguish between photosynthetic autotrophs and chemosynthetic autotrophs
2. Distinguish between autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition
3. Describe the location and structure of the chloroplast
4. Explain how chloroplast structure relates to its function
5. Write a summary equation for photosynthesis
6. Explain van Niel's hypothesis and describe how it contributed to our current understanding of photosynthesis
7. Explain the role of REDOX reactions in photosynthesis
8. Describe the wavelike and particle-like behaviors of light
9. Explain why the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll differs from the action spectrum for photosynthesis
10. List the wavelengths of light that are most effective for photosynthesis
11. Explain what happens when chlorophyll or accessory pigments absorb photons
12. List the components of a photosystem and explain their functions
13. Trace electron flow through photosystems I and II
14. compare cyclic and noncyclic electron flow and explain the relationship between these components of the light reaction
15. Summarize the light reactions with an equation and describe where they occur
16. Describe important differences in chemiosmosis between oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and photophosphorylation in chloroplasts
17. Summarize the carbon-fixing reactions of the Calvin cycle and describe changes that occur in the carbon skeleton of the intermediates
18. Describe the role of ATP and NADPH in the Calvin cycle
19. Describe what happens to rubisco when the O 2 concentration is much higher than CO 2
20. Describe the major consequences of photorespiration
21. Describe two important photosynthetic adaptations that minimize photorespiration
22. Describe the fate of photosynthetic products
23. Distinguish between autotrophs, heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and chemoautotrophs.
24. Describe the structure of the chloroplast, including the arrangement of the antenna on the thylakoid membrane.
25. For the reactants and products in photosynthesis, identify the steps in which is each is used or produced.
26. Briefly describe the two stages of photosynthesis.
27. Describe Englemann's discovery concerning which wavelengths of light produce the most O2 during photosynthesis. Relate his discovery to the absorption spectra of chloroplast pigments.
28. Draw a graph which shows the relative frequencies of light which are absorbed by the photosystems.
29. Prepare a simplified drawing which models photosystems I and II and includes their positions on the thylakoids and their relation to the electron transporting molecules.
30. Summarize the mechanism in Photosystem II whereby light energy is converted to chemical energy.
31. Describe the path which an electron takes from PS II to NADP+
32. Explain how ATP is generated in the thylakoid.
33. What is the actual carbohydrate produced by the Calvin Cycle? Where have you seen this molecule before?
34. Where do the Calvin cycle reactions take place?
35. Name the enzyme that fixes CO2 in the Calvin cycle.
36. How does the use of ATP and NADPH by the Calvin cycle demonstrate the reverse of cellular respiration?
37. Describe cyclic electron flow and explain its purpose.
38. What is meant by photorespiration?
39. How is the leaf structure of a C4 plant adapted to cope with the problem of photorespiration?
40. How do C4 plants fix CO2? CAM plants?

Chapter Terms: