AP/IB Biology Study Guide Unit 3 Cells and cell structures

Chapter 7

1. Describe techniques used to study cell structure and function
2. Distinguish between magnification and resolving power
3. Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the scanning electron microscope (SEM)
4. Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique
5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
6. Explain why there are upper and lower limits to cell size
7. Explain why compartmentalization is important in eukaryotic cells
8. Describe the structure and function of the nucleus and explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
9. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome
10. List the components of the endomembrane system, describe their structures and functions, and summarize the relationships among them
11. Explain how impaired lysosomal function causes the symptoms of storage disease
12. Describe the types of vacuoles and explain how their functions differ
13. Explain the role of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells
14. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial function
15. Distinguish among amyloplast, chromoplast, and chloroplast
16. Identify the 3 functional compartments of a chloroplast and explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function
17. Describe probable functions of the cytoskeleton
18. Describe the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
19. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their function
20. Describe the development of plant cell walls
21. Describe the structure and list some functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells
22. Describe the structure of intercellular junctions found in plant and animal cells and relate their structure to function

Chapter 8

1. Describe the functions of the plasma membrane
2. Explain how scientists used early experimental evidence to make deductions about membrane structure and function
3. Describe the Davson-Danielli membrane model and explain how it contributed to our current understanding of membrane structure
4. Describe the contributions  J. D. Robertson, S. J. Singer, and G. L. Nicolson  made to clarify membrane structure
5. Describe the fluid properties of the cell membrane and explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by membrane composition
6. Explain how hydrophobic interactions determine membrane structure and function
7. Describe how proteins are spatially arranged in the cell membrane and how they contribute to membrane function
8. Describe the diffusion process and explain why it is a spontaneous process
9. Explain what regulates the rate of passive transport
10. Explain why a concentration gradient across a membrane represents potential energy
11. Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based upon differences in solute concentration
12. Explain how bound water affects the osmotic behavior of dilute biological fluids
13. Describe how living cells with and without walls regulate water balance
14. Explain how transport proteins are similar to enzymes
15. Describe one model for facilitated diffusion
16. Explain how active transport differs from diffusion
17. Explain what mechanisms can generate a membrane potential or electrochemical gradient
18. Explain ho potential energy generated by transmembrane solute gradients can be harvested by the cell and used to transport substances cross the membrane
19. Explain how large molecules are transported across the cell membrane
20. Give an example of receptor=mediated endocytosis
21. Explain how membrane proteins interface with and respond to changes in the extracellular environment

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Chapter 11

1. Categorize chemical signals in terms of the proximity of the communication cells
2. Overview the basic elements of a signaling system of a target cell
3. Describe the nature of a ligand-receptor interaction and state how such interactions initiate a signal transduction system
4. Compare and contrast G-protein-linked receptors, tyrosine-kinase receptors, and ligand-gated ion channels
5. Describe how phosphorylation propagates signal information
6. Describe how cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is formed and how it propagates signal information
7. Describe how the cytoplasmic concentration of Ca 2+ can be altered and how this increased pool of Ca 2+ is involved with signal transduction
8. Describe how signal information is transduced into cellular responses in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus
9. Describe how signal amplification is accomplished in target cells
10. Describe how target cells discriminate among signals and how the same signal can elicit multiple cellular response

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Chapter 12

1. Describe the structural organization the genome
2. Overview the major events of cell division that enable the genome of one cell to be passed on to 2 daughter cells
3. Describe how chromosome number changes throughout the human life cycle
4. List the phases of the cell cycle and describe the sequence of events that occurs during each phase
5. List the phases of mitosis and describe the events characteristic of each phase
6. Recognize the phases of mitosis from diagrams or micrographs
7. Draw or describe the spindle apparatus including centrosomes, nonkinetochore microtubules, kinetochore microtubules, asters, and centrioles (in animal cells)
8. Describe what characteristic changes occur in the spindle apparatus during each phase of mitosis
9. Explain the current models for poleward chromosomal movement and elongation of the cell's polar axis
10. Compare cytokinesis in animals and plants
11. Describe the process of binary fission in bacteria and how this process may have evolved to mitosis in eukaryotes
12. Describe the roles of checkpoints, cyclin, Cdk, and MPF in the cell-cycle control system
13. Describe the internal and external factors which influence the cell-cycle control system
14. Explain how abnormal cell division of cancerous cells differs from normal cell division